Milk: An important food at every stage of life

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By Dr. A.L. Farook From the day a child is born, the first source of nutrition for the child is mother milk, which provides all the necessary nutrients. Mother’s milk protects the child from diseases and other ailments, and is something that still cannot be reproduced in any laboratory in the world. During the first six months of life, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended, a testament to the complete nutrition of breast milk. After the first six months, a child is gradually introduced to other foods along with breast milk. When incorporating supplementary foods to a child’s diet, dairy products are given precedence because of the necessary carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamin and minerals that are provided by milk. As such, anyone looking to maintain a healthy, balanced diet for their infants and toddlers should integrate milk products into their daily meal according to the dietary recommendations for their respective age groups. However, the necessity of milk is not limited to infants and toddlers, and it is truly an important part of a balanced diet for all ages. Table 1 illustrates this point by summarizing the recommended daily dairy servings for each age group.

Recommendation for a child of seven to nine months old is a ½-1 serving of milk, in addition to breast milk. For a child of nine months to two years, one serving of additional dairy, further to mother’s milk will be a helpful supplement to fulfil nutritional needs. Milk products provide a considerable percentage of the daily energy requirement for a child. Milk fat is a source of energy, essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins. Vitamin B12 in milk is especially important for the healthy functioning of the nervous system, as well as the production of red blood cells. Calcium and phosphorus in milk is another reason why it is an important part of a toddler’s, as well as a school age child’s, diet. Calcium in milk is more easily absorbed into the body compared to the calcium in plant sources. Children’s bones deposit calcium and continue to grow and become stronger until the age of 25-30 years, and milk is a great proponent for this rapid growth. During this period, introducing dairy products as an additional meal in between the main meals can help ensure healthy dietary habits throughout life. Most school children are in the habit of consuming artificial drinks such as soft drinks and soda, as well as bakery products such as bread and biscuits. However healthier habits can be inculcated by introducing them to having a glass of milk or cup of yoghurt instead. Furthermore, the lactose sugar contained in milk does not result in tooth decay, an adverse effect of soft drinks. Small children and adolescents, as well as pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, need extra amounts of energy and nutrients, and therefore, it is recommended that they consume at least two servings of dairy every day. Since the calcium contained in the mother’s bones are utilised for the child, it is especially important for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers to follow this recommendation to avoid the weakening of bones. Milk products as a part of a balanced diet are important for the adults too. Milk products provide protein, many minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and zinc, as well as vitamin A and most B vitamins, and thus, helps complement these nutrients in a typical mixed diet. Reduced fat products are recommended for older adults who suffer from lifestyle related conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Calcium in milk prevents the weakening of bones, thus dairy products are especially useful for women with osteoporosis. Even though calcium cannot completely cure osteoporosis, it will help avoiding any further damage and deterioration of the bones. Furthermore, given the popularity of milk products among all age groups, it is recognized as an important vehicle for nutrient fortification, which enhances the natural nutritional quality of milk. Vitamin A and D, calcium, iron, folate, DHA and probiotics are some common examples of dairy food fortificants. It is clear that milk and dairy foods are a valuable element of any one’s daily diet, from the cradle to every stage of a person’s life. Incorporating different varieties of dairy as a part of a balanced daily diet can ensure a healthy, fulfilling life. [The writer (MBBS, SL) is the Medical Officer – Public Health, Medical Care Clinic, Kalmunai.]