Sunday Nov 24, 2024
Sunday Nov 24, 2024
Monday, 26 May 2014 00:00 - - {{hitsCtrl.values.hits}}
The web-based media and the wire services too had given prominence to the communication. This type of communications by the Central Bank and the media publicity given to them are a salutary development since they give an opportunity for concerned citizens to carefully examine the contents of those communications and generate a public dialogue on the important issues facing the country.
It is the country’s external debt and not merely
the Government debt that matters
Sri Lanka’s external debt has been a critical issue for many decades since it has been rising in absolute terms continuously. For instance, in 1948 – the year of independence – the country’s external debt amounted to only $ 38 million or 4.4% of GDP. But in 2013, that had stood at $ 39 billion or 59% of GDP. At the time the country gained independence, of its external debt, about 67% was owed by the central government and the balance by the private sector.
However, after the economy became diversified since the 1980s, private foreign debt became gradually significant. Accordingly, foreign debt owed by entities other than the central government had risen from 33% in 1948 to 44% in 2013. Thus, it is not the government’s external debt but the country’s total external debt that should be considered for effective debt management.
Ominous increase in the share of commercial and non-concessionary borrowings
Another significant development during this period, especially after 2005, has been the phenomenal increase in the share of commercial and non-concessionary foreign borrowings of the central government. This is understandable because after Sri Lanka graduated to a lower middle income country in 2010, it no longer could borrow at concessionary rates from international lending institutions and had to resort to commercial and non-concessionary borrowings to raise the required foreign financing.
Thus, in 2005, commercial and non-concessionary borrowings of the central government amounted to only 4% of its total foreign borrowings. However, data for 2013 shows that this share has now risen to 50%. This share is expected to rise further in the future since the country’s investment requirements are on the increase and the high consumption and consequential low savings levels do not permit it to finance them from domestic sources alone.
"The indicators used in the Central Bank Press Release are incomplete, erroneous and confusing. The numbers used are significantly different from what has been reported in its own Annual Report. When the indicators are reworked by using those numbers, the results are different from what the press release had sought to convey to the public. The reworked numbers do not allow the country’s external debt managers to be complacent. Most indicators indicate that the country is at the threshold of high external debt vulnerability. That is an ominous red light and that red light has to be taken seriously."
Hence, given the fragile external sector, with a significant deficit in the current and capital account transactions amounting to about 4% of GDP, the country has to continue to borrow abroad in order to make annual interest payments and repay the maturing foreign loans on the one hand and meet the wide saving-investment gap on the other. This compulsory roll-over arising from the former is not a good sign which the public debt authorities should ignore if they are interested in ensuring external debt sustainability.
Commercial borrowings are not undesirable if used productively
This is not to suggest that commercial and non-concessionary borrowings are undesirable for Sri Lanka. The country’s savings, partly due to low private savings and partly due to the Government’s excess consumption over revenue, a situation called the Government’s dissavings, are around 18 to 20%. But its investment requirements are between 30 to 35%. Hence, the consequential massive savings-investment gap has to be financed by using the savings of foreigners, mobilised through borrowings and direct investments.
Borrowings add to a country’s debt, while direct investments don’t. However, direct investments have been at a very low level – less than $ 1 billion on average – generating a little over 1% of GDP.
The country does not get worthwhile foreign direct investments due to its poor track record in several key areas: protection of property rights, rule of law, law and order and ease of doing business. Hence, the only source available for maintaining a high investment ratio is to generate funds from foreigners through borrowing and there-again, borrowing from commercial markets.
However, since foreign commercial borrowings increase the country’s risk and reduce its debt sustainability, they should be used only in projects that are voted as high priority after carefully conducted cost-benefit analyses. But if they are used in low yielding projects that have been chosen haphazardly, then, such foreign commercial borrowings increase only the country’s risks.
Many of the projects funded by Sri Lanka out of commercial and non-concessionary loans in the recent past have fallen into this category. The Central Bank’s communication has appeared in this background of rising fears of an emerging external debt crisis.
Good practices which Central Bank communications should display
The Central Bank’s practice of keeping people informed of grave economic issues faced by the country is commendable. However, such communications should be complete, free from errors and display frankness on its part to educate the public. It appears that the press release issued by the Public Debt Department on the status of the country’s external debt does not conform to these good features.
UN ESCAP Manual is more than on debt sustainability
The press release says that the Central Bank has computed the country’s external debt sustainability in accordance with the Manual on Effective Debt Management issued by UN ESCAP in 2006. The Manual has been prepared by UN ESCAP to help countries to do better external debt management in the areas of risk management, debt sustainability analysis and debt restructuring.
The Manual has codified all the prevailing principles and good practices relating to external debt management as presented in several other manuals issued by key international organisations. They are the System of National Accounts issued by the UN, manuals on Balance of Payments, Government Finance Statistics and External Debt Statistics issued by the IMF and Global Development Finance issued by the World Bank.
In fact, the template containing the critical values of external debt indicators presented on page 83 of the Manual and used by the Central Bank for its press release has been sourced by UN ESCAP from this last mentioned World Bank publication.
Since a country’s debt risk and debt sustainability issues arise from all the external debt it owes, the Manual, going by the best practices recommended in the above publications, has defined external debt in a very wide manner and highlighted the need for a “comprehensive definition of public sector debt” for proper debt management (p 10).
Monitor total external debt and not merely the central government debt
According to the Manual, external debt consists of “both domestic and external debt” held by foreigners (p 11). In terms of this classification, Treasury bills and Treasury bonds held by foreigners, though they are in rupees, are a part of the country’s external public debt. The external debt thus consists of all borrowings of the Central Bank, central government proper, banks and deposit taking institutions, non-bank financial institutions like insurance companies and other state-owned and private corporations (p 11).
External public debt consists of, in addition to those borrowed by the Central Bank and the central government proper, all borrowings of state commercial and other banks, state corporations and private sector borrowings with guarantees from the government (pp 12-3). The outstanding external debt position reported by the Central Bank in its Annual Report 2013 (p 154) as per the 6th Edition of IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual, known as BPM6, is in accordance with this definition. It is this stock of external debt that has to be analysed for both risk management and debt sustainability analysis in terms of the UN ESCAP Manual.
The apparent two worlds inside the Central Bank
The numbers reported in the Central Bank Annual Report for 2013 and those mentioned in the press release issued by its Public Debt Department differ from each other significantly raising the issue of which definition of external debt has been used by the latter to assess the country’s debt sustainability.
Total external debt to GNI ratio is not something to be happy about
For instance, the press release says that the disbursed external debt outstanding to gross national income has amounted to 37.2% in 2012 and 35.1% in 2013. Thus, the country is ranked as moderately indebted. Since the country’s Gross National Income or GNI in 2013 was $ 65 billion, the disbursed external debt outstanding used for this calculation would have been $ 23.5 billion which is close to the central government’s external debt reported in the Central Bank Annual Report 2013 in its Table 6.6 on page 177. That number is Rs. 2,960 billion or $ 22.9 billion.
However, the calculation of this ratio by using the outstanding external debt reported in Table 5.12 on page 154 of the Annual Report 2013 which is the correct figure for analysing the country’s debt sustainability reveals that it has been 64% in 2012 and 61% in 2013. In terms of these numbers the country is ranked as highly indebted.
Total external debt is many times higher than the export of goods and services
The press release has reported that the ratio of disbursed external debt outstanding to export of goods and services at 111.1% in 2012 and 106.6% in 2013 ranking the country in the less-indebted category. Here-again, there is a discrepancy in the disbursed external debt outstanding used for this calculation. Since the export of goods and services in 2013 (Table 5.13 on page 155) has been $ 15.1 billion in 2013, to arrive at the above ratio for that year, the disbursed external debt outstanding should be $ 15.9 billion, a number significantly different from the one used in the previous calculation. But according to the numbers reported in Table 5.13, the total external debt outstanding is 275% and 265% higher than the export of goods and services in the two respective years.
Though they are within the range of moderately indebted category, they are on the threshold of moving into the highly indebted category – an ominous red light which should not be ignored in any meaningful debt sustainability analysis.
The ominously rising debt-service payments
The total debt service payments as a ratio of export of goods and services, commonly known as debt-service ratio, has been reported in the press release as 11.4% in 2012 and 11.2% in 2013 – a level that categorises the country as less indebted. When one works backward, this represents debt service payments of $ 1.6 billion in 2012 and $ 1.7 billion in 2013. This is even less than the Government’s debt service payments, as reported in Table 6.7 on page 179 of the Central Bank Annual Report 2013 that had amounted to $ 2.2 billion and $ 2.4 billion in the two respective years.
However, what is reported in Table 5.13 of the Annual Report (p 155) is that the debt service ratio is critically high at 19.7% in 2012 and 25.3% in 2013 placing the country in the moderately indebted category. Similarly, the ratio of external interest payments to export of goods and services reported in the press release also differs from what has been reported in the Annual Report though both sets of numbers place the country in the less indebted category.
The press release says that these two numbers amount to 3.6% and 3.9% in the two respective years whereas according to the data published in the Annual Report they stand at 6.5% and 7.3% respectively.
The need for choosing an appropriate discount rate
The net present values of disbursed external debt outstanding as ratios of GNI and export of goods and services are also confusing. The formula given on page 79 of the UN ESCAP Manual is not the net present value but the present value of the future debt service disbursements. It has not been netted against the current face value of the outstanding debt.
The summation of the actual future debt service payments that include both the principal and the interest should be greater than the disbursed external debt outstanding by the amount of interest involved. The appropriate discount rate, according to the Manual (p 81) is the discount rates relevant to the principal currencies the country has borrowed which in Sri Lanka’s case should be the US dollar interest rate.
It appears that the Public Debt Department has applied two different discount rates to calculate the relevant present values in the two indicators mentioned above. When the PV to GNI ratio is worked back, PV of debt service payments amounts $ 27 billion in 2013. However, when the PV to export of goods and services is worked back, the PV of debt service payments comes to $ 18 billion.
This discrepancy can occur only if a higher discount rate is applied to calculate the PV in the latter case. But if the same discount rate as the one used in the first calculation were used, the ratio of PV to export of goods and services increases to 180% listing the country in the moderately indebted category.
In terms of the IMF’s External Debt Statistics: Guide for Compilers and Users (p 262), this ratio is high enough to rank the country above the threshold of a Highly Indebted Poor Country or HIPC. Thus, by manipulating the discount rate to be used, it is possible to reduce the PV ratios to any desired value. This confusion could have been avoided if the discount rate used had been disclosed in the press release.
External debt vulnerability yardstick: Sri Lanka most vulnerable
There are many other indicators suggested by both the UN ESCAP Manual and IMF’s External Debt Statistics to assess a country’s external debt sustainability. One such indicator used by ESCAP in its Economic and Social Survey for 2013 is the External Debt Vulnerability Yardstick (p 32). In this Yardstick, the sum of short term external debt, quarterly imports based on four quarter moving average and estimated international portfolio investment is expressed as a percentage of the external reserves of a country. It thus measures the number of times a country’s short term obligations are bigger than its available foreign reserves. By using the numbers reported in the Central Bank Annual Report for 2013, this yardstick was calculated in respect of 2012 and 2013. It amounted to 197% and 188% in the respective two years placing Sri Lanka in the category of most vulnerable countries.
Complacency based on erroneous analysis
The indicators used in the Central Bank press release are therefore incomplete, erroneous and confusing. The numbers used are significantly different from what has been reported in its own Annual Report. When the indicators are reworked by using those numbers, the results are different from what the press release had sought to convey to the public. The reworked numbers do not allow the country’s external debt managers to be complacent. Most indicators indicate that the country is at the threshold of high external debt vulnerability. That is an ominous red light and that red light has to be taken seriously.
(W.A. Wijewardena, a former Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, could be reached at [email protected])
